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• The if-else structure in MATLAB
• How to write “if A is not equal to B”
• How to write “if A is less than or equal to B”
• How to use logical operators in an if-else structure (MATLAB or/and operators)
• The switch case structure in MATLAB

## The If-Else Structure in MATLAB

You can use a conditional statement (i.e. if-else structure) in MATLAB when you want to execute instructions based on a statement that is true or false. The basic syntax to do so is the following:

if firstCondition
firstInstructions
elseif secondCondition
secondInstructions
else
otherInstructions
end

The condition following the “if” keyword is a Boolean value (i.e. true or false). You can define this condition right after the “if” or as a Boolean variable using MATLAB operators. We will see how to use the “if” statement with logical operators in the following sections.

## If A is Not Equal to B

### A And B Are Matrices or Vectors

You can write A and B as matrices or vectors and compare them to each other in order to run the instructions based on the outcome. Here’s how to do that:

if ~isequal(A, B)
instruction
end

For example, if you define A and B as vectors, you have the following:

if ~isequal([3 5], [4 5])
b = 6;
end

In MATLAB, we get

Note that it works the same way if you use matrices for A and B.

### A And B Are Numbers

If A and B are numbers, you can use the symbol “~=.” Here is the structure for defining an if statement using that symbol:

if A~=B
instruction
end

Here is an example with actual numbers:

if 3~=4
a = 5;
end

In MATLAB, we get

Note that the isequal MATLAB command also works when A and B are numbers even, though we usually use this method for vectors and matrices.

### A And B Are Strings

If you want to use the condition “A is not equal to B” with A and B defined as strings, then you need to use the MATLAB function strcmp. This function returns a logical value that is true if the two input arguments of the function are the same and false otherwise.

if ~strcmp(A, B)
c = 7;
end

Here is a standard example of how to use the “if” statement when A and B are strings:

if ~strcmp('X', 'Y')
c = 7;
end

In MATLAB, we get

## If A is Less Than or Equal to B

You can also compare numbers and execute code based on the outcome of that comparison. Here’s the standard structure to execute the code when A is less than or equal to B:

if A&lt;=B
instruction
end

Here’s an example with actual numbers:

if 3&lt;=4
d = 8;
end

In MATLAB, we get

## MATLAB Boolean: Using Logical Operators

If you want to execute code based on more complex operations, then you will have to define variables that will be true or false based on logical operations on Boolean values. For this, you need logical operators such as the MATLAB or/and.

### MATLAB AND Operator

Let’s say that we want to execute instructions based on the conditional statement  (A is not equal to B) AND (C is equal to D). Here’s the basic structure to do so:

if (A~=B)&amp;&amp;(C==D)
instruction
end

### MATLAB OR Operator

Now, let’s tackle an example with the conditional statement (A is not equal to B) OR (C is equal to D):

if (A~=B)||(C==D)
instruction
end

### MATLAB AND/OR For Vectors

Note that & and | can be used instead of && and || If you want to operate with vectors. The output when using & and | will be vectors of Boolean values. For example, if you are using the vectors [0 1] and [1 0], here’s what you’ll have :

However, if you try to use || and && to compare vectors, you will get an error in MATLAB. To my knowledge, there is no way to use a vector in front of the if statement, therefore if you’re writing a statement that will be used in an if/else structure you will always use && and ||.

## Switch Case In MATLAB

The basic switch case syntax used for multiple case statements in MATLAB allows you to run instructions based on different values of a variable. You can use this kind of structure for numbers as well as string values. Here’s the basic structure for a switch case in MATLAB:

switch variable
case firstCaseValue
firstCaseInstructions
case secondCaseValue
secondCaseInstructions
otherwise
otherInstructions
end

It works as follows:

• Use the switch keyword followed by the variable that will be compared to the variables that are in front of the case keyword.
• When the variable in front of the switch keyword has the value of the variable in front of the case keyword, then the corresponding instructions will be executed.
• If the value of the variable in front of the switch keyword doesn’t match any of the variables in front of the case keyword, then the instruction following the otherwise keyword will be executed.

Here’s an example of a switch case that will display “yes” if the value of “variable” is the letter “y,” “no” if the value of “variable” is the letter “n,” and “wrong value” if “variable” has another value.

switch variable
case 'y'
disp('Yes!');
case 'n'
disp('No!');
otherwise
disp('Wrong value!');
end

You can also add values to one case as follows:

switch variable
case {'y', 'yes'}
disp('Yes!');
case {'n', 'no'}
disp('No!');
otherwise
disp('Wrong value!');
end

This will display “yes” if the value of “variable” is either ‘y’ or ‘yes’ and “no” if it is ‘n’ or ‘no’.

Key takeaways:

1. The basic if else MATLAB structure is:

if firstCondition
firstInstructions
elseif secondCondition
secondInstructions
else
otherInstructions
end
2. If you want to write the conditional statement “if A is not equal to B,” you can use the following structure:
• When A and B are vectors or matrices:
if ~isequal(A, B)
instruction
end
• When A and B are numbers:
if A~=B
instruction
end
• When A and B are strings:
if ~strcmp(A, B)
c = 7;
end
3. The conditional statement “A is less than or equal to B” is:

if A&lt;=B
instruction
end

4. Use && and || for the and/or logical operator in if-else MATLAB structures.
5. Use the following switch case structure for numbers and strings:

switch variable
case firstCaseValue
firstCaseInstructions
case secondCaseValue
secondCaseInstructions
otherwise
otherInstructions
end